Capital
is an initial investment in a business or company which helps to start a
business. It is money which is invested by company's owner to make more
money. There are two type of capital in a business: Fixed capital and working
capital.
Fixed
capital: It is a permanent source of capital invested in a business. The
capital are invested in machinery, land, furniture, buildings which provides
long term funds and also help to run the business.
Working
capital: It is capital which is needed to meet day to day expenses or help to
run the business smoothly. It is a difference between current assets and
current liabilities. A current liability is short term money owe by company and
current assets are those assets which are converted into cash within a month. Company
must have enough current assets to pay all current liabilities. It includes
cash, inventory, debtors, prepaid expenses etc.
Capitalisation: It is a total value of
capital employed in a business. It includes shares, debentures etc which help
to run the business.
Types of Capitalisation:
There
are three types of capitalisation i.e.
·
Under capitalisation
·
Over capitalisation
·
Watered capitalisation
Under capitalisation: In under capitalisation the
total value of capital is less than the capital needed to run the business. It
is not good for the business because
·
It affects day to day business activity.
·
If the capital is not
enough to pay its debt on time it also affect the credibility of a company.
·
And if business operation is affected then it also affects
the profitability of a business.
·
If company is not able to earn profit and are not able to pay
dividend to shareholders then the investors are not willing to invest their
money on the company assets. Or it may reduce the earning capacity of
shareholders.
·
It affects the goodwill of a company and due to that the
market position of a company is reduces.
Over capitalisation: In over capitalisation the company
hold more capital than needed for business operation. It is also not good for
the business because:
·
The excess capital kept ideal in a company. It acts as wastage
of economic resources.
·
The extra funds spend on holding that excess capital in a
company.
·
The interest or dividend is paid on that excess capital which
reduces the profitability of a company.
·
The excess capital is used for speculation purpose.
But
sometimes company uses conservative strategy which considers over
capitalisation, in which the excess funds are kept in a business:
·
To meet an uncertain future events by maintaining reserves
like paying dividend to shareholders at the time when there is no enough profit
in a company.
·
The excess funds are used for investment and expansion
purpose like purchasing a new building for new branch, purchasing a new
technology machines to stay updated in a market.
Watered capitalisation: Under this capitalisation
the book value is more than the real value of assets in a company. It occurred at
the time of incorporation of a company. It is also not good for the business
because:
·
Company pay more than actual value of assets.
·
Those excess funds that company paid are acts
as wastage for company.
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